EECP Undergraduate Certificate Paper Archive
Adams, Beth
The Possible Sale of the Sweetgrass Bed and Breakfast, Serenity Island: A Simulated
Negotiation
Abstract:
The idea for this simulation is derived from the author's study of actual events that
have taken place in the Gullah/Geechee community of Hog Hammock on Sapelo Island,
Georgia. The events portrayed in the simulation exercise, however, are fictional.
Where circumstances from actual Sapelo Island events have been incorporated, they
have been intentionally, necessarily, and significantly altered to preserve the fictive
nature of the simulation, and to enhance its use in a classroom setting. The objective
of this negotiation is to demonstrate to students the gains that can be achieved by
use of principled, cooperative negotiation strategies versus negotiation strategies
that focus on positions only. The idea is to allow students to practice using principled
negotiation techniques to search for, and ultimately agree on, solutions that best
represent the substantive and legitimate interests of each party.
Allgood, Sara Elizabeth
Planning for a Sustainable Future: The 1991 INBio-Merck Deal
Abstract:
In 1991, over 100 billion dollars in worldwide sales were earned from drugs derived
from fungi, plants and animals of tropical countries, yet these countries received
little in the way of profits from these sales. In response to negative press and other
factors, Merck & Co. Inc., whose 1991 profits were estimated to be more than seven
billion dollars, attempted to capitalize on the natural resources of Costa Rica, while
also giving something back to the country. In a 1991 deal hailed as a model for other
nations around the world, Merck signed a two-year contract with Costa Rica’s National
Institute of Biodiversity (INBio) for one million dollars in exchange for screened
samples from within the country’s protected areas. This deal has received praise as
well as criticism from the international community. This deal raises ethical questions
about placing an economic value on natural resources, as well as the claim by INBio
that this new awareness of the value of biodiversity will provide incentives for biodiversity
protection. The INBio-Merck deal, with careful consideration and planning, has the
potential to be a valuable tool for sustainable development and conservation of resources.
Anderson, Amy E.
Reconsidering Development on Jekyll Island
Abstract:
Jekyll Island, one of Georgia's barrier islands, was privately owned until 1947 when
the State of Georgia purchased the lands. The State Legislature decided shortly thereafter
that the island would become a self-supporting state park, maintaining 35 percent
maximum development while 65 percent remained undeveloped. this percentage division
will exist until the State lease to private landowners expires in 2049. Recently,
the 35/65 decision has resurfaced in the Georgia Legislature along with the idea of
extending the lease to allow new development and revenue for the island. With the
exception of the historic district and educational facilities, Jekyll Island could
be better utilized and appreciated if no development existed on the island.
Baine, Luke
Environmental Issues in Mexico under NAFTA
Abstract:
While the creation of the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) brought about the possibility of economic growth via trade liberalization,
it also brought about the possibility of environmental degradation. I discuss how
environmental degradation is being controlled under NAFTA, particularly in light of
the possibility of NAFTA creating a “pollution haven” in Mexico where lower costs
of production result from environmental regulations not being enforced. I use coffee
production and water pollution as examples. Future trade agreements between the United
States and other nations must include provisions that ensure a healthy environment
along with a healthy economy.
Baker, Nathan
Tragedy of the Counties: An Ethical Examination of the Diamond Bar Ranch
Abstract:
This paper will explore a philosophical debate over the proper method of allocating
rights to rangeland in the western United States. I will argue for a reformed system
of public rangeland premit grazing, as a opposed to a system of strict private property
rights. I will discuss the "County Supremacy Movement," which exemplifies the public
lands versus private lands debate, and I will examine the Diamond Bar Ranch in Catron
County, New Mexico, as a particular case study. I chronicle the historic deterioration
of western rangeland due to a "Tragedy of the Commons" effect and analyze this deterioration
on an ethical level, applying claims by John Locke and Garrett Hardin. I explore the
ethical propositions of Robert Goodin regarding property rights and apply them to
the Diamond Bar Ranch case study. I conclude with suggestions for the most prudent
method of managing western rangeland.
Barrineau, Kirsti Susanna
The Influence of the Finnish National Epic, the Kalevala, on Modern Day Finland's
Environmental Ethic
Abstract:
Finland's national epic, the Kalevala, is a thousand-year-old epic that was passed
down by singers. A product of its time, the epic exhibits the typical themes and elements
of Northern folklore, including a pronounced spirituality associated with nature.
Today most Finns read a version compiled by Elias Lonrot in the mid-nineteenth century,
a version that aided in mobilizing Finnish nationalism. Standing out as a clear root
of much of Finnish culture, this epic is arguably part of the reason for modern-day
Finland's strong environmental ethic, whereby respect for the environment is the norm.
I find that the Kalevala echoes the ancient spirit of the Finns and that spirit establishes
the root of their environmental ethic.
Blankenship, Sara N.
Death in the Caves: the Failure to Save Endangered Gray Bats
Abstract:
There are currently 65 endangered species in the state of Georgia and the plight of
these species is not improving. Although the United States enacted the Endangered
Species Act in 1973 to help ensure the survival of these species as well as hundreds
of other endangered and threatened species in the United States, there is not very
much actual improvement occurring. For this paper, I focus on the gray bat, an endangered
species in Georgia. I use the gray bat as a metaphor for a number of endangered species
on the list that do not receive the attention or protection that they deserve. I argue
that the United States cannot just "legalize" a species' right to exist and expect
the problem to disappear. There must be a change in our society's belief system about
the survival of these endangered species.
Blue, Jennifer
Liberty and Justice for All? The Ethics of Environmental Justice
Abstract:
Not only is environmental discrimination a threat to human life and safety, but it
is also a direct threat to the rights guaranteed to every U.S. citizen by the Constitution
and the Bill of Rights. Our government is not only legally responsible for ensuring
the health and safety of its citizens, but it has an ethical obligation as well when
human lives are at stake. The pressure of environmental justice groups, in addition
to the voices of the affected minority communities, has been a powerful tool in the
fight against environmental injustice. Using weapons such as Title VI of the Civil
Rights Act of 1964, the Fair Housing Act, the Equal Protection Clause, and local protests,
concerned citizens have made every attempt to advance the focus of the environmental
justice movement. Executive Order 12898 looks extremely promising for the movement,
as perhaps it will help prevent the problem of environmental injustice in the future.
Bono, Timothy J.
Environmentalism and the Confusion of Man: God in the Post-Modern World
Abstract:
In the discipline of environmental ethics, the understanding of God's role differs
widely among various schools of thought. this paper examines the breadth of these
worldviews by comparing the nature and locale of God in three differing and overarching
conceptual frameworks: naturalism, or that of "God nowehere; pantheism, literally
translated "God everywhere;" and that of Judeo-Christian Creationism or "God somewhere."
this paper explores the implications of these views for the identity of humankind,
arguing firstly that the naturalistic (and frequently pantheistic) philosophical integer
characteristic of the Environmental Movement is corrosive of the existential significance
of modern humankind, and secondly, contending that the theoretical account of a Creator
as delineated in the Christian ethical worldview uniquely ascribes the highest degree
of intrinsic value mutually to both mankind and the environment while also securing
the greatest existential coherence. Lastly, the paper proposes the visionary model
of sustainability espoused by eco-architect William McDonough as the most intelligent
design template for future growth and the most natural application of the theoretical
Christian Environmental Ethic of Creation.
Brewster, Kerry
Of Hope and Heed: A look at how Costa Rica has dealt with the mixed blessing of Ecotourism
Abstract:
In 1999 I took a trip to Costa Rica. At the time I had little clue of what ecotourism
might mean or even where exactly I was heading. I fell in love with a country and
landscape I only had ever imagined. What was supposed to be a three-week trip stretched
on for two and a half years. In this time I learned a great deal about tropical ecology,
Costa Rican culture, and how this country has had such a complex history in conservation
and ecotourism. It astounded me the knowledge that could be found in the most humble
of people throughout this country on the subjects and their apparent dedication to
it. It was amazing to discover that a country with such a high population density
and growing population would devote more of its land space to conservation than any
other country in the world. Not only had I found a place I thought only existed in
fantasy, but also some sort of preservationists utopia along with it. It was not until
later, when I started to travel to the more developed and expensive luxury areas of
Costa Rica, that the illusion shattered. It was at this point that I became concerned
with the multi-dimensional aspects of tourism and how it could affect a community,
culture, and country. This essay is the fruit of an obsession in learning how ecotourism
can effectively boost a country's economic status while providing incentives for the
preservation of biological treasure, and how to avoid the demons that trail on its
coattails.
Brinson, Kendrick
The Ethical Implications of Factory Farming
Abstract:
Renowned Nobel Prize winner and physicist Albert Einstein tells us "Our task must
be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace
all living creatures and the whole of nature and its beauty." How might we extend
compassion, defined as "a deep awareness of the suffering of another coupled with
the wish to relieve it"? Perhaps the first act of extending compassion to animals
is not so much relieving animals of pain, but rather lessening their pain and making
an effort to avoid causing pain.
Brooks, Carrie
The True Cost of Making Man's Golden Dreams a Reality: An Evaluation of Corporate
Responsibility in Global Gold Mining
Abstract:
When answering the phone, riding a bicycle, turning on the lamp, or getting a cavity
filled, most people do not consider where the metal that is being used comes from.
The majority of the metals must be mined from the Earth through processes that can
have severe consequences for the environment. Gold mining is a particularly destructive
type of mining. Currently gold is mined for a wide variety of purposes, but the major
use of gold (over 80 percent), is for jewelry. Most gold is mined through a process
called cyanide heap leaching which often leads to many social and environmental problems.
Oddly enough, there is no definition of corporate responsibility related to mining.
Therefore I propose a new, broad definition for corporate repsonsibility in the mining
industry based on the ideas of several philophers and businesspersons. Using the criteria
from this definition, I evaluate the corporate responsibility of four gold mining
companies.
Browning, Lindsay
Blackwater Canyon
Abstract:
A month ago, I gazed over my shoulder as I stood on the edge of Lindy Point in my
home of Tucker County, WV. The wind blew fiercely as it always did, but this time
the view into Blackwater Canyon was somehow different. I realize now that it was not
the view that was different - it was I. Now when I gaze in awe at Blackwater Canyon,
it is not simply because of its aesthetic value; I gaze because I appreciate the ethical
conflict that is occurring within the Canyon. Allegheny Wood Products has completed
"selective timbering" on their 3,000 acres adjacent to Blackwater Falls State Park
and have staked the land for condominium development. Not only does the acreage possess
intrinsic value, but it is also home to three threatened and two endangered species.
We have a collective responsibility to respect the habitat for our future generations;
therefore, the 3,000 acres should be condemned and managed by the federal government.
Carroll, Elinore Rose
Hunting for Sustainability: An Evaluation of Culling and Sport Hunting's Role in the
Environmental Movement
Abstract:
Hunting can take on many forms, making its role in sustainability more complicated
than one might expect. Some people hunt for sport and others may participate in culling,
or killing by professional marksmen to reduce population size (Dickson and Adams 112).
Both culling and sport hunting achieve the same end, but are motivated by two very
different principles. Some of Africa's National Parks cull as a last resort solution
to managing environmentally damaging elephant populations. In other places, sport
hunting is also sometimes justified as a means of promoting sustainability through
economic growth and environmental protection. The first half of this paper will present
research on culling in Kruger National Park and explain how its interest in protecting
biodiversity above all make it a sustainable solution for Africa's current overpopulation
problems. Next, I will compare Kruger's policies with Yellowstone National Parks bison
management plan, finding a significant difference in the attitudes motivating each
parks polices. Finally, I will evaluate the arguments both in favor of and opposed
to sport hunting's ability to promote sustainability using data from psychological
research. Evidence indicates that some types of hunting can have positive effects
for the environment, but sport hunting ultimately fails at promoting long-term sustainability
because it emphasizes consumption and anthropocentric values.
Carter, Lee Ellen
Assessing Environmental Attitudes of Residents of Cotacachi and Otavalo, Ecuador to
Conserve Sacred Sites
Abstract:
In this study, data were collected involving ecoknowledge, ecotourism, environmental
education, environmental ethics, environmental conservation, and the importance of
sacred sites in the lives of indigenous citizens in the Imbabura Province of Ecuador.
Even though different methods are currently being used in Cotacachi and Otavalo for
sacred site conservation, a commonality of relationships that subsist among indigenous
people and their natural environment was apparent. Through future studies, the reifying
of landscape attributes should be indexed and formally protected with a Spiritual
Park, Protected Landscape, and/or a designation within the UNESCO Program for Sacred
Sites Conservation. In the end, these sacred sites must be protected not only for
their environmental value, but also for the respect and significance of these sites
held by many indigenous peoples in the Imbabura Province.
Cason, Lily
As the Twig Is Bent: Nurturing a Responsible Environmental Ethic
Abstract:
I argue that the best way to achieve a "responsible" environmental ethic in adults
is to educate them when they are children. As a former Sandy Creek Nature Center counselor,
I use Sandy Creek Nature Center as my educational metaphor.
Cattau, Megan
Assessing a Potential Relationship between Environmental Values, Perception, and Influences
Abstract:
In an effort to deduce a basis for one's environmental ethic, I surveyed both residents
and visitors to San Luis de Monteverde, Costa Rica. The survey required that each
participant complete both a drawing of the 'surrounding environment' of San Luis and
a questionnaire. I evaluated each drawing to produce a participant's perception and
interpretation of the surrounding environment. The questionnaire addressed the participants'
personal histories pertaining to their exposure to various types of environments,
their exposure to the media, and their stated values and perceptions of various types
of environments (deduced from their own qualitative evaluation of a series of photographs
of various environments).
Analyses showed no apparent correlation between participants' personal experiences and their interpretations of their surrounding environment. Additionally, the correlations between participants' personal experiences and their qualitative analysis of various environmental types were not consistent enough to make any definitively predictable connections between them. These tests reveal that although external influences did not strongly alter participants' perceptions of the surrounding environment, on some level, they might affect the subjective qualification of various environments. The implication that exposure to various external influences might alter how participants assigned subjective values to various environments, though not predictably, is significant in understanding the method by which we formulate our individual environmental values and ethics. Through this understanding, we might hope to appropriately affect public opinion and response to the current environmental crisis.
Chan, Monica
Love and Deception: the Paradoxical Management of Rock and Shoals Outcrop Natural
Area
Abstract:
Can the right thing to do be nothing? This paper entails a scenario for a little known
Natural Area where the best form of our love for this area is to use deception. Then
again, is it really deception when what happens is natural? The setting where these
terms are applied is at Rock and Shoals Outcrop Natural Area off of Barnett Shoals
Road in a subdivision of Athens Clark County in Georgia. It isn't the most impressive
granite outcrop but with it being the habitat of a few ultra fragile rare plants,
this has caught some attention. Using the ecofeministic views of sacrifice as a form
of deceptive management, deception as a tool, and how our own "love" for nature is
a double-edged sword. I explore how much Rock and Shoals is already employing a paradoxical
management plan naturally due to its location, condition, and the fiscal situation
it is in through my own first hand accounts of this unique natural area. I then discuss
how that this management practice is practical for the natural area's plight for now;
and my suggestions for a revised management plan.
Chinnan, Shelley Mahajan
Women, Development, and the Environment: Discussing Gender in Water Sanitation and
Supply Issues
Abstract:
Women are often falsely accused of being the cause of environmental destruction, especially
in the developing world. Because they are seen carrying wood and using the last of
vegetation in an area for their families, they are blamed for the environmental devastation.
However, "laying the blame on women is to ignore the globally linked causes of environmental
destruction which have created and continue to create a situation of scarcity that
often forces women into ecologically destructive actions" (Sontheimer i). Instead
of blaming women for the environmental issues, it is important to note that they are
often mere victims of economic circumstances beyond their control. The aim of this
paper, then, is first to discuss how women are affected by environmental destruction
in the developing world, namely with respect to WSS, and second to discuss some of
the many ways in which women's involvement in community projects can confront these
challenges.
Clower, Sarah
Images of the Environment in Advertising and their Ethical Implications
Abstract:
Advertising has become an intricate part of our everyday lives and has had an undeniable,
and even purposeful, effect on today's social values and ideals. Therefore, it is
important to be aware of the complex messages used in advertising as companies go
to greater lengths to appeal to the target market. By considering the impact that
advertising has on society, I have concluded that the American Association of Advertising
Agencies should follow strict standards to protect the portrayal of the environment
(as it has been used to protect minority groups and women in the past). My standards
will forbid advertising that encourages human dominance over nature or uses false
claims and vague references of environmental friendliness. The different types of
environmental advertising can be organized into the following categories according
to the messages they portray about the environment: 1) dominating nature, 2) Green
advertising, 3) finding pleasure in nature, and 4) environmental conservation. I have
deconstructed advertisements from each of these categories to prove that my standards
are necessary to ensure that unethical ways of interacting with the environment are
not being reinforced through advertising.
Collier, William Michael
Compassionate Engineering as an Ecocentric Approach to Reduce Human Poverty
Abstract:
The synergistic relationship between poverty and environmental degradation is a multifaceted
worldwide phenomenon (Dasgupta 1995; Mabogunje 2002). In such a context, integrated
social and environmental management strategies and solutions are exceptionally complex
issues that are widely debated throughout the social, political, economic, environmental,
and ethical realms (Mellor 1988). Poverty, as designated by the United Nations Development
Programme, is divided into two categories: income poverty and human poverty. Measurements
of income poverty are based on indices of individual income levels, national poverty
margins, and the ability of economies to meet basic minimum needs, while measurements
of human poverty are based on indices of individual vulnerability to death grounded
in population death rates, individual exclusion of basic education measured by national
illiteracy rates, individual standard of living based on the availability of healthcare
and water services, and rates of malnourishment in children (UNDP 1997). Along with
modern definitions of poverty, there are broader, more generalized designations of
human deprivation, which includes economic, social, cultural, political, and environmental
issues. Theses divisions are interrelated and continually reinforce one another to
create a matrix in which poverty adversely affects the environment, and vice versa
(Mabogunje 2002). Historical understandings of poverty were anything but dynamic in
theory, and were dominated by the idea that economic development would eventually
eradicate environmental as well as social problems in developing nations (Adams et
al. 2004). However, this hierarchically top-down approach was heavily debated and
ultimately undermined because of numerous environmental and social failures (Adams
2001). An investigation of the ideologies driving the controversy was conducted by
Adams et al. (2004), who distinguished correlations between environmental degradation
and poverty in four ways:
(1) Poverty and environmental degradation are separate. Solutions to these issues
should be pursued independently; however, conservation and environmental planning
efforts may indirectly benefit poverty, although that is not the overlying intention.
(2) Poverty is a limiting factor in the success of conservation and environmental
planning efforts. Poverty must be reduced before any conservation or environmental
planning strategy will be effective.
(3) Environmental planning strategies should be conscious of issues of deprivation
as a moral and political obligation to humanity. Conservation efforts can succeed
without decreases in deprivation.
(4) Environmental planning and conservation are both limiting factors in eradicating
human deprivation. Therefore, proper environmental planning is a tool to successfully
reduce poverty.
My analysis will describe the ethical ideologies related to environmental degradation
and human deprivation, drawing from a case study on the African continent. I argue
that an ecocentric view of environmental degradation and human deprivation nested
within the dynamic social, political, economic, cultural, and environmental matrix
is integral to a further understanding of the synergistic relationship between the
environment and the social dilemmas facing developing nations.
Collins, Vicki
Women, Islam, and Environmental Ethics: A Case Study in the Rif Mountains of Morocco
Abstract:
Islamic scripture provides a good basis for a strong environmental ethic involving
stewardship, protection of land and resources for all creatures, and working for the
common good. Yet my experience in Zerka, a small village in the Rif Mountains of northwestern
Morocco revealed an astonishing disregard for nature. Some of the reasons for this
discrepancy are imbedded in the difficult way of life the villagers face. Poverty,
lack of education, overpopulation, and oppression of women are all obstacles to following
an Islamic environmental ideal. In my opinion educating the people could bring about
a number of these needed changes.
DaSantos, Nick
Indigenous Peoples: Complex Problems, Complex Solutions
Abstract:
In his essay Indigenous Peoples: The Miner’s Canary for the Twentieth Century, Jason
W. Clay describes some of the many injustices that have been committed against indigenous
groups by outsiders, including the denial of their rights to land and natural resources.
One example given is that of gold mining in the territory of the Yanomami Indians
of northern Brazil, which has had many negative social and environmental impacts,
including the introduction of mercury into local rivers. For many years, indigenous
peoples have faced difficulties in dealing with state governments that have refused
to recognize them as citizens and recognize their rights to land and other natural
resources. Clay believes that to remedy this situation, indigenous peoples need to
work with outside groups to overcome their problems while maintaining their unique
cultural identities. However, his proposed solutions may be too simple for the complex
problems indigenous peoples face. In his examples of positive change, he fails to
mention negative elements involved in these situations, including violence and possible
coercion. Understanding the complexity involved in indigenous issues and responding
accordingly is the only way the problems of indigenous peoples will ever be solved.
Dowdy, Lindsay
Meat in Moderation: Understanding the Ethics behind Animal Consumption
Abstract:
It is difficult to choose whether consuming non-human animals is morally right or
wrong. There are many views on the subject, many approaches to discussing it, and
pure confusion on the part of those who either do not have access to the information
or are not presented the information in an understandable way. This essay will argue
that non-human animal consumption in moderation is the best approach for those who
have a difficult time choosing. The ethical theory of utilitarianism and references
to a range of works that are both philosophically and scientifically based will be
used to support my argument. By presenting these varying approaches in a clear way,
this essay should show why this is such a complex choice in the first place and what
the choice of moderation can do for the benefits of non-human animals, the environment,
and therefore, for humans as well.
Drayton, Heather
The University of Georgia's Environmental Difficulties
Abstract:
Two of the University of Georgia's largest environmental crises include the installation
of a toxic landfill near the State Botanical Garden of Georgia and the burial of barrels
of DDT on the Plant Sciences Farm. Although these incidents have probably been the
most profound and have had the most impact, they are only a few of many problems the
University has had to face. The University needs to make decisions regarding the cleanup
and prevention of environmental problems with the safety of students, staff, and the
surrounding community in mind as well as considering the economics involved.
Dykes, Sara
Evaluating Urban Growth Boundaries: Are they a feasible land use tool?
Abstract:
In its current form, urban sprawl negatively affects communities financially, socially,
and environmentally. One way communities have responded to this problem is smart growth.
Within smart growth, communities have developed a specific tool: Urban Growth Boundaries
(UGB). UGBs are boundaries between urban and rural areas. UGBs have been noted for
their effectiveness in increasing the density of development inside the boundary while
reducing the loss of forests and farmland outside the boundary. UGBs can significantly
benefit a community. However, this tool has many critics. For example, there is a
UGB around the Portland, Oregon metropolitan region. On the one hand, some believe
that Portland's UGB is an important tool in curtailing its urban sprawl. On the other
hand, some property owners argue that Portland's UGB represents a taking (in violation
of the Fifth Amendment) because property rights are vested in the property owner,
and the government is regulating the property owners' use of their land. Because of
these kind of objections, it is unlikely that a UGB will ever be implemented around
the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan region. Furthermore, the framework for land use
policies in Georgia, although progressing towards regional control of land use, are
still dominated by local control over land use decisions.
Ehlinger, Rachel
Comparative Analysis of Soil Organic Matter Fractionation in Ultisol Soils, Calhoun
Critical Zone (2016)
Abstract:
Soil organic matter is one of the largest reservoirs of carbon on earth, containing
more carbon than the atmosphere itself. Fractionation and accelerator mass spectrometry
are used to study the turnover of soil organic matter carbon from its initial state
in the biosphere to its decay in the atmosphere. In this study, we separated microaggregates
from Ultisol soils collected in the Calhoun Critical Zone of South Carolina. These
microaggregates were separated into heavy and light fractions through physical fractionation
methods. The heavy fraction is depleted of organics, while the light fraction is enriched
with organics. We then took these samples for AMS radiocarbon dating in order to analyze
the turnover rate of each fraction. With this analysis, we are able to interpret the
turnover rate of carbon for each fraction. Our results allows us to conclude that
the heavier organically depleted fraction has a slower turnover rate and is therefore
better preserved in the environment and more resistant to erosion and climate change.
Elliott, Dustin
Intergenerational Obligation and Sustainability: What Should We Save for Future People?
Abstract:
In assuming that current generations have certain ethical obligations to future generations
(especially with regard to the natural environment), the question arises: what exactly
should we sustain for future generations? Over the years, the meaning of sustainability
has changed as different groups have tailored the concept to fit their own political
agendas. Although there is little disagreement that sustainability, in the broad sense,
is a good thing, there is an ongoing debate as to whether we should pursue weak sustainability
policiesconcerning ourselves only with transferring an appropriate amount of economic
capital to future generationsor strong sustainability policiesan approach requiring
us to sustain economic capital in addition to certain noneconomic goods.
In this essay, I critique weak sustainability in two distinct ways. First, I challenge the major assumptions of many weak sustainability theoriesnamely, that 1) we cannot know what future generations will need or want and 2) that all resources, economic and natural, are substitutable. A series of detailed, hypothetical examples demonstrate the intuitive problems related to these two assumptions. Second, by drawing on Bryan Norton's explication of communal values, I contrast weak sustainability's focus on the maintenance of individual welfare with an alternate focus (found in strong sustainability theories) on the maintenance of specific stuffthat is, stuff conveying certain social and communal values. This contrast not only highlights additional problems with using individual welfare models in measuring sustainability, but also underscores one of the principal objectives of natural resource protection and strong sustainability in general: to shape the values and preferences of future generations.
Fatkin, K. Suzie
Ethical Considerations for the Effects of Ecotourism on Monkey Species in Costa Rica
Abstract:
In this paper, I focus on the effects of ecotourism for monkeys in Costa Rica and
the ethical possibilities that several stakeholders have in this situation. Because
ecotourism is often a praised institution, I focus on its detrimental effects and
possible solutions to various problems. I argue that my environmental ethic, based
in biocentrism and ecocentrism, could offer a foundation for thinking about these
problems from a non-human perspective. Specifically, ecotourists need to become more
ecologically aware of monkeys and monkey behavior, and foster the conservation of
monkeys by eradicating selfish anthropocentric attitudes that reduce monkey habitat
and increase monkey stress.
Ferran, Jean
Puritanism, Transcendentalism and the Scarlet Letter: American Romantics
Abstract:
The writers of the American Romanticera displayed a number of values about nature.
While some writers, such as Nathanial Hawthorne, inherited their Puritan values, others
such as Whitman, Emerson, and Thoreau began to value nature as a sanctuary, a new
temple of worship that suited them better than the confines of organized religion
and culture. For centuries since the founding of America, the concept of nature was
that of a frightening place, an untameable wilderness, and it was man's duty to conquer
it. Nature was a hostile environment, a physical representation of the evils of the
world, and it must receive mankind's touch to 'tame it.' However, these new thinkers,
the Transcendentalists, showed to the world that nature was a place of beauty and
peace, a place where wilderness must be preserved for the benefits of mankind and
of the greater system. Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The Scarlet Letter demonstrates these thoughts in the Puritan Reverend Dimmsdale and the non-Christian
Pearl, his illegitimate daughter. Through these characters, the contrasting views
prove that mankind's battle is not just with nature, but also with himself and his
role in nature.
Fritts, Elizabeth Grace
Environmental Considerations of Mountaintop Removal in Eastern Kentucky
Abstract:
I discuss the practice of mountaintop removal, a coal-mining technique that has become
controversial in the past decade because of its environmental destruction. I examine
the circumstances surrounding the practice specifically in eastern Kentucky and parts
of western West Virginia. I examine three groups of stakeholders: coal companies,
federal agencies, and local residents. Coal companies argue that they are not only
secure jobs for a declining Kentucky economy but that they also reclaim each mountaintop
removal site, making the land more profitable than before extraction. In contrast
to the clear position of the coal companies, the positions of the federal government
and local residents are split, with some portions of the government and some local
residents supporting mountaintop removal while others do not. I argue from an ecocentrist
perspective of intrinsic value that mountaintop removal should be stopped.
Garrison, Hunter
The Environmental Ethics of Coffee Production
Abstract:
I highlight the differences between conventionally grown and alternatively grown coffee,
and I argue from an ecocentric viewpoint that only alternatively grown coffee is sufficiently
sustainable to warrant continued production. I use as my example coffee produced by
Maquipucunu Foundation (affiliated with UGA) in Ecuador.
Grinder, Erica
The Baha'i Teachings on the Environment
Abstract:
One option when searching for a coherent and workable environmental ethic is to turn
to religion, the source of human ethics. I propose that we examine the teachings of
Bahá’u’lláh for guidance on the very modern issue of sustainability. Although the Bahá’í s believe that humans have a higher station in this world than plants and animals,
we do not believe that this allows humans to run free with total disregard for the
rest of creation. The teachings of Bahá’í call for humans to balance their spiritual and material natures, and exercise moderation
in all things. People should strive to fulfill their needs, but not necessarily all
of their wants, which are unlimited. Bahá’í teachings also emphasize that we should consider what is in the best interest of
humanity and not just our own interests. While Bahá’í teachings don’t directly address particular environmental issues, they can provide
a strong basis for changing human behavior toward the environment. As Shoghi Effendi
writes, “We need a change of heart, a reframing of all our conceptions and a new orientation
of our activities. The inward life of man as well as his outward environment have
to be reshaped if human salvation is to be secured."
Harper, Gordon
Georgia Lights Lead to Less Starry Nights: Light Pollution in Athens-Clarke County
Abstract:
This report focuses on light pollution in Athens-Clarke County (ACC). Athens-Clarke
County is a heavily urbanized area that contains the cities of Athens and Winterville.
In terms of intrinsic value, excessive artificial night lighting adversely affects
our community through a loss of starry nights, a loss of beauty that I find unacceptable.
There are ways to reduce our county's light pollution and I propose a lighting plan
for ACC. If this plan is followed, then ACC residents will be able to see 2,000 to
3,000 more stars at night instead of the current 800 stars. Such an improvement would
enhance the sky's beauty.
Harris, Jacob Laurence
Sustainability as an Aspect of an Environmental Ethic for the University of Georgia
- 2011
Abstract:
Codes of environmental ethics are guided and established by societies, organizations,
and nations around the world. The University of Georgia has outlined a plan for its
environmental relations through Strategic Direction VII of the UGA 2020 Strategic
Plan, entitled Improving Stewardship of Natural Resources and Advancing Campus Sustainability.
This document provides a framework for the University to improve conservation efforts
and reduce its environmental impact, principally through illustrative benchmarks.
The title uses the terms stewardship and sustainability, but the concepts of stewardship
and sustainability, while related, are very different in their core foundations. In
general, sustainability encompasses an ethic for the environment not based on tangible
outcomes, but on a holistic and universal achievement of ecological, social, and economic
viability and harmony.
While the Strategic Direction VII provides a future plan for the University, it does not establish the philosophical foundation by which the University contemplates its operations on an environmental level and focuses too much on quantitative benchmarks rather than on a holistic approach and evaluation. Using examples of various codes of environmental ethics around the country and globe as well as my own personal view of environmental ethics, I will demonstrate how sustainability should be used as a core aspect of the environmental ethic taken by the University. I will also show how Strategic Direction VII could be modified to incorporate a more holistic approach to sustainability.
Haynes, Rebecca
The Ethics of Bananas and Eco-Labeling: Chiquita and the Better Banana
Abstract:
This is a case study analyzing the ethical implications and sustainability of Chiquita's
banana production and subsequent eco-certification in Costa Rica. I focus on Chiquita
Brands International instead of the other larger banana companies because Chiquita
is the leader in the banana industry and provides the best example for future sustainability
of banana production through its involvement with the Better Banana Certification
Project of the Rainforest Alliance. I argue that sustainability should be a societal
value. If we must use our natural resources to make a profit, we should do everything
in our power to see that production is carried out in a sustainable manner.
Hein, Anna Kate
National Security and Endangered species: Navy Sonar and Protection of Whales
Abstract:
I consider the effects of U.S. Navy undersea sonar technology on whales.
Hemmings, Sarah N. J.
Industrial Culture and Industrial Nature as Examples of Urban Environmental Ethics
in Germany's Emscher Park
Abstract:
In April 2004 I traveled to Germany to study industrial landscape parks in the Ruhr
Valley, which was once Germany's industrial powerhouse for coal and steel production.
With the depletion of these resources, the industries have since gradually migrated
northward, leaving behind a path of abandoned industrial brownfields and economically
depressed towns. I investigated an intriguing example of land reclamation and landscape
architecture in the Ruhr Valley of Germany, the Emscher Landscape Park. The park project,
which covers about 200 square miles over 17 cities, has rehabilitated degraded lands
and waterways with a unique and pragmatic approach. Over 100 individual projects within
the park have not only sought to renew the land ecologically, culturally, and economically,
but also have strategically preserved the signs of industrial activity as historical
and cultural monuments. Factory buildings have been recycled for housing, business,
the arts, and community activities. Functional and aesthetic elements of the area's
industrial past have been reused or preserved as a testament to human ingenuity and
power.
For my project, I conducted interviews with park users at four parks within the Emscher project. This work summarizes data I collected and examines the many different layers of meaning in the parks. I describe several new theses articulated for an emerging urban environmental ethic, and then I discuss the two themes of Emscher Park's public relations campaign -- Industrial Culture and Heritage and Industrial Nature -- within the context of urban restoration ethics.
Henson, Christi
The Organic Philosophy: Will Regulatory Action Resolve the Uncertainty?
Abstract:
In recent years there has been a tremendous surge in the sales of organic foods. Indeed,
the organic foods industry is a booming business in the United States, and sales are
estimated to reach $6.5 billion by the year 2000. As such alternative farming practices
are viewed as more ecologically minded, the increasing attraction of organic agriculture
reflects the broader trend of preserving the environment currently found in the United
States and throughout the world. However, it appears that regulatory action addressing
organic production methods is essential. Presently, no consensus is found among organic
certifiers, and there exists a wide array of opinions on the issue of defining organic.
Furthermore, 11 states and 33 private organizations regulate the organic industry.
The variety of seals and labels used by the various certifiers also contributes to
consumer confusion. As the definition of certified "organic" is so vague, a set of
national standards for all organic producers must be established in order to preserve
the integrity of organic practices and foods. The Organic Foods Production Act (OFPA)
was enacted by Congress as part of the 1990 Farm Bill. The OFPA established the National
Organic Program (NOP) within the USDA to define, oversee, and enforce organic standards.
On December 16, 1997, the USDA issued their proposal of the NOP and called for public
review. In response, there was intense opposition to several aspects of the USDA's
definition of organic and the proposed standards. On May 8, 1998, the USDA announced
the Proposed Rule would be revised. A practical compromise is necessary so that both
the USDA and organic supporters will be content with what the term "organic" signifies.
Politics plays a role in this debate; the public's perceptions on various issues,
including the definition of organic farming, affect what goes on in the legislatures.
One must also ask if choosing organic farming practices over conventional methods
is more ethical. There seems to be little question that organic farming methods are
superior to conventional agriculture as one considers the health of the planet. Indeed,
the benefits of transforming farms from conventional technology to organic methods
exceed the costs. Therefore, the USDA should do what the majority of consumers and
farmers desire. Implementation of a single national organic standard is the only safeguard
for consumers.
Hertzog, Jennifer
Overfishing in the Southern California Bight Region
Abstract:
The conditions for marine wildlife off the California coast have worsened to an unacceptable
level. Everywhere the competition among commercial, recreational, and sporting fishing
and small family fisherman is fierce. Each player wants to catch the biggest and most
fish before the next one. This hoarding of resources in this Tragedy of the Commons
has greatly reduced fishing stocks and pushed some species to the brink of extinction.
Many agencies are attempting radical policies to increase the chances for some endangered
species. However, the fishermen are opposed because to them it would mean less or
no monetary gain. If we could all accept a similar value on the marine ecosystem or
a similar ethic, maybe our grandchildren will live to see the animals in our bedtime
stories instead of imagining them.
Hoffmeister, Molly
James Howard Kunstler and Environmental Ethics
Abstract:
Hooper, Leslie
The Border Problem: NAFTA and the Economic, Social, and Environmental Implications
Thereof
Abstract:
There remains little question that the implementation of the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA)
has expanded the economic systems within North America, especially between the United
States and Mexico. The goals of NAFTA include the creation and expansion of markets
and employment opportunities in North America and the desire to serve as a catalyst
for international cooperation. However, economically, the so-called cooperation between
the United States and Mexico should be questioned. While NAFTA may temporarily appear
to boost the Mexican economy, the kind of social and economic development Mexico has
been developing is not necessarily sustainable in the long term, partly because of
its dependence on other foreign economies. Similarly, the path to unfettered economic
development includes some negative side effects. Mexico, in particular, has experienced
severe environmental degradation as well as serious social impacts on the human condition.
Essentially, has NAFTA had an overall positive or negative effect on Mexico? In an
effort to move toward an answer to this broad question, this paper examines the benefits
and costs of the implementation of NAFTA and attempts to show the linkage between
the onset of NAFTA and its economic, social, and environmental consequences.
Huffman, Dustin
Environmental Ethics of Traditional and Sport Rock Climbers 2011
Abstract:
Traditional climbing is a style of rock climbing where a climber places gear or 'protection'
in the rock wall and removes the gear after completing the route. Alternatively, sport
climbing involves placing permanent, 'fixed-protection' onto climbing routes. A previous
study on rock climbers suggested that climbers who feel negatively about fixed gear
(i.e., traditional climbers) had a different, more 'metaphysical holistic environmental
ethic' than sport climbers. I constructed a 10-sentence questionnaire and surveyed
20 climbers (8 traditional, 9 sport, and 3 other) to determine their environmental
ethics foundations. In contrast to the aforementioned previous study, I found no major
differences in the foundations of environmental ethics between traditional and sport
climbers. As a whole, all rock climbers, both traditional and sport, were predominately
ecocentrist, differing only in minor spiritual aspects from a 'metaphysical holistic
environmental ethic'.
Jacobson, Tovah
Collection of Poems: To the River, Mind of a Child, Teardrops, Dear Children of the
Future, Loss
Abstract:
These poems were submitted in satisfaction of the certificate requirement.
Johnston, Jennifer
The Surface of a Mystery: Tracing the Modern Nature Writer's Communication with Environment
Abstract:
The emergence of a distinct genre of literature, Nature writing, reflects a larger
social, political and ethical awareness of the non-human world. Three modern writers,
Annie Dillard, Barry Lopez and Terry Tempest Williams, question the role of humans
in environment in order to come to terms with their own unique relationships with
a landscape. Each writer discovers a particular method through which they communicate
with environment, and from which they glean a code for interaction, or an ethic. This
code becomes the primary tool through which each writer grapples with the landscape's
history and changes, and with the place of humans in the changing landscape. The notion
that a place creates and maintains an identity apart from the identity humans assign
it pushes the writers toward an investigation into what, exactly, the land means to
itself, and to the 'others' who inhabit it-how landscape defines itself, how it escapes
the conventional definitions we confer. Although the methods of communication differ
from writer to writer - whether the methods are seeing, as in Dillard's Pilgrim at
Tinker Creek, or conversing, as in Lopez's Arctic Dreams, or simply being, as in Williams' Refuge - the conclusions they infer parallel. As the writers bring their conversations to
the forum of environmental ethics, they create a new and deeply personal way of speaking
to and about the world around us.
Jones, Ian
---
Abstract:
Jordan, Mary Charles
Ethical Considerations for the Ogeechee River Greenway
Abstract:
The city of Jewel, Georgia, is considering the construction of a Greenway along the
Ogeechee River. The Greenway is approximately 7 miles long, and will be a recreational
trail with pedestrian, bicycle, equestrian, and aquatic access. It crosses the property
of 13 landowners. To date, the citizens of Hancock and Warren Counties, who share
land on the proposed Ogeechee River Greenway corridor, have attended a community meeting
in which the author presented concepts and ideas behind the Greenway. No construction
has occurred. In this paper, I discuss the Greenway concept and ideas, including inventory
and analysis studies, master plan development and supplemental drawings. I conclude
my paper with ethical considerations. Outside of not constructing the greenway at
all, I conclude that the best option is to construct a Greenway following the Ogeechee
River proposed corridor with modifications. The modified trail would not cross the
land of unwilling property owners, but instead would cross the Ogeechee from the Warren
County side to the Hancock County side over bridges onto property of willing owners.
This solution maintains a linear, unbroken Greenway along the Ogeechee and satisfies
landowners of both counties. In this manner, I balance of the utilitarian good for
all the involved communities with our Kantian obligations and responsibilities to
property rights.
Kelly, Margaret
Right to Pollute, Right to Health: A Look at the Ethics of Air Pollution
Abstract:
My paper considers the sources of air pollution affecting Atlanta and explores the
ethical implications of these sources. I determine that it is unethical that the people
who produce most of the pollution are not the ones that bear the costs. Further, I
consider the ways in which the political and physical infrastructure of the city perpetuates
these discrepancies rather than alleviating them. Addressing these discrepancies will
require efforts on both an individual and systemic level, including grassroots environmental
justice and citizen groups, non-profit organizations, the private sector, government
agencies, and the efforts of individuals acting as citizens and consumers.
Long, Elizabeth
Duty to Distant Generations and the importance of the Preservation of Nature
Abstract:
In the paper I address the question of duty to posterity and its relevance to preservation
of nature. In particular I focus on whether or not we (the currently existing generations)
have any obligation to those generations in the distant future. I argue that existing
generations are obligated to take into account the impact of our actions and policies
on all generations in the near and distant future and make decisions concerning our
actions accordingly. I claim that the present generations are obligated to provide
for the "needs" of future generations since we have no way of knowing their wants
and desires (a definition of "need" is given later which distinguishes it from "want"
or "desire"). I claim that from an egocentric point of view, humans have a need for
the natural environment and therefore we have an obligation to the future to preserve
the natural environment in which we live and on which we depend.
Madden, Mackenzie
Environmentally Responsible Event Planning
Abstract:
I am an event planner. Of 614 event planning agencies in Georgia, only four use the
term "ecofriendly." I consider ways to make the industry not just "ecofriendly" but
"environmentally responsible."
Madden, Meredith
A Hindu Perspective on Ecology
Abstract:
Today’s world faces the threat of populations exceeding the earth’s carrying capacity
and the consequences of population pressure on the degradation of the environment.
Lives are at stake because of humanity’s dependence upon the fragile ecosystems that
are being destroyed, most often in the name of capitalism. The country of India is
not immune to these problems and has been searching for solutions and new government
policies to address their environmental crisis. Globalization has imposed new models
of government and changes in lifestyle that have led to a loss of traditional practices
and values. With priority given to capitalism and economic interest of the country,
environmental degradation has ensued, and one of the main environmental concerns has
been deforestation. Industrial companies have moved into heavily forested areas, taken
away the people’s customary rights to the land, and denuded the areas for commercial
gain without compensating the locals. Globalization has also led to lifestyle changes
that have threatened many traditional practices deeply embedded in Hindu religion.
This paper looks into the interplay between the loss of religious beliefs and the
loss of environmental values all in the context of a country experiencing the negative
effects of globalization. More specifically, a closer look is given to deforestation
and traditional Hindu practices that managed for centuries without causing such environmental
degradation. In the end, the paper explores the areas of reform that are needed to
ameliorate India’s environmental crisis and the role of religion in environmental
ethics.
Maley, Brett
Removal of Invasive Species from Navarino Island, Tierra del Fuego, Chile
Abstract:
Invasive species, as defined by the Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), are
organisms (usually transported by humans) which successfully establish themselves
in, and then overcome, otherwise intact, pre-existing native ecosystems (www.issg.org).
Invasive species are not the same as "introduced" species, as introduced species are
organisms, which find a niche and establish themselves into a new environment. Some
introduced species do not negatively affect their new environment or the organisms
that are native to it. Conversely, a serious conundrum exists about invasive species:
biological invasions are natural and necessary for the persistence of life on Earth,
but some of the worst threats to biodiversity are from biological invasions (Botkin
2001). However, species that enter a new environment that have no similar species
become invasive species. Because native species have evolved without the presence
of invasives, native species are sometimes extirpated because they are pushed out
of their niche, depredated, or overrun by the introduced invasive species. Invasive
species are recognized as one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity (Mack
et al. 2000.) Since islands are particularly vulnerable to the effects of introduced
species I will discuss the recent introduction of species to Navarino Island, Chile.
Similar to other islands mentioned, Navarino Island has many endemic species, including
numerous bird species. Navarino Island is in the transition period of adjusting to
relatively newly introduced species, thus making it a perfect candidate to study and
learn the outcome of attempting to remove these species or to observe how the introduced
species affect native ones.
Manget, Callie
Environmental Volunteerism in the United States
Abstract:
Despite the internationally-held stereotype that most Americans have little concern
for the natural world, environmental volunteerism in America is present and pervasive.
Since before the twentieth century, environmental volunteerism has been the unacknowledged
backbone of the American environmental movement. This paper reviews environmental
volunteerism in America and how differences in ideology influence volunteer-based
environmental groups within the United States. It also compares and contrasts the
Sierra Club and Earth First!, two volunteer-based environmental groups that have similar
ideologies but take dramatically different actions. Finally, it discusses what drives
the participants of these two organizations to adopt the approaches they take.
McKenzie, Jamie
Ethical Implications of Releasing Non-Native Insects to Control Non-Native Invasive
Plants
Abstract:
I consider the conflict between the removal of the invasive plant, salt cedar (tamarisk),
from the southwestern United States using a biocontrol agent, the Chinese leaf beetle,
and the effect of this removal on an endangered bird, the southwestern willow flycatcher,
which uses salt cedar for nesting.
Mitchell, Debra Bailey
Human Nature and Sustainability
Abstract:
Humans have evolved physiologically, mentally, and culturally with our environment.
Included in the many human characteristics determined by adaptation to the environment
is that of aesthetic preference. One of the ways this aesthetic preference is manifested
is by human manipulation of nature, such as the landscaping of property or the cultivation
of preferred fruits and vegetables. Humans in the past lived sustainably with the
earth; today most humans live unsustainably on the earth. We have refined the list
of needs for human survival and have created technologies to satisfy our wants and
individual aesthetic preferences. The manufacture of these “needs” is destroying the
earth, depleting nature of its original essences, species diversity, and integrity.
Psychological studies have shown that nature experiences are of greater benefit to
humans than non-natural experiences. Younger people now have a fear of nature due
to their lack of experience with it. Our psychological advances have allowed us to
distance ourselves from the natural environment in which we developed, and this has,
ironically, been detrimental to us psychologically. We must use our mental abilities
to realize the interconnectedness of all living and non-living parts of the earth,
educate others, and change our “wants” from those of instant material gratification
of the self to those benefiting the whole. One way to start is to preserve and reintroduce
sustainable practices. Another is to examine our view of the earth in comparison with
the view of those humans who have lived sustainably. These steps will maintain sociocultural
and ecological diversity, fortify the integrated structure of the earth, and allow
the spirit of nature to once again be present in human life.
Moody, Gwyneth
Assessing the Environmental Literacy Requirement at the University of Georgia
Abstract:
The Environmental Literacy Requirement (ELR) at the University of Georgia has changed
considerably from the original requirements promulgated in 1991. To assess student
and faculty satisfaction with the current ELR requirements, I randomly surveyed 408
students and 103 faculty and asked them to evaluate the ELR. Among the students, the
vast majority (88.9%) was somewhat satisfied or extremely satisfied with the ELR regardless
of their discipline or class standing. However, there were certain exceptions. For
example, nearly half of the students who took Chemistry 1110 were dissatisfied with
their teacher’s performance in fulfilling the criteria. A high percentage of both
chemisty students (43.2%) and faculty (42.7%) were unaware of the ELR. In contrast
to students, a majority of faculty was dissatisfied with the ELR. Nevertheless, both
students and faculty thought that the idea of the ELR was important. The results suggest
that the ELR program should continue but it could be improved by increasing students’
and faculty’s awareness of the requirement.
Moran-Seaman, Chris
From Economic Incentives to Environmental Duty, A Historical Analysis of Recycling
Abstract:
This paper will explore the history of recycling to examine where this alternative
originated and how far it can (or should) take us as a waste disposal alternative.
It will consider the influence of recycling practices of the past on today's recycling
industry, and it will discuss the benefits and costs of recycling (to the environment
and to society) in today's market.
Payne, Barbara
The Value of Ethnobotanical Gardens in Teaching Environmental Ethics
Abstract:
An ethnobotanical garden on school grounds provides contyext for teaching about the
many people-plant-environment relationships throughout history. The gardens provide
an ideal framework for classroom engagement because of the interdisciplinary nature
and because students can identify a personal relationship with plants - food, medicine,
fiber, housing and other. However, in Georgia, fewer than five demonstration gardens
presently exist. The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act and Georgia Performance Standards
(GPS) restrict teachers' ability to deliver instruction in outdoor classrooms. I propose
an interdisciplinary curriculum based on multicultural picture books satisfying NCLB
and GPS that will support building in elementary-aged children both self-efficacy
and environmental decision-making. Ethnobotanical gardens supported with this curriculum
promote environmental literacy that will provide opportunities for students to acquire
an environmental ethic.
Phillips, Lee Anne
The Ethics of Extraction: Oil in Alaska's National Wildlife Refuge
Abstract:
I analyze arguments to open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWAR) in Alaska
for oil extraction. I argue that although economic benefits may exist, there are non-economic
factors whose value exceed any economic benefit. The purpose of this paper is not
to attempt to further the idea that this is a struggle of good environmentalists versus
evil oil corporations; it is to provide a reasonable argument for the preservation
of ANWR. I argue that preservation of this wilderness is tantamount to the future
protection of America's wild places; its preservation for the coming generations will
show that, more than short-term economic gain, our government is willing to work for
dependence on long-term sustainable resources.
Pilzer, Sarah Tovah
The Impacts of the CLean Air Act on the U.S. Coal Industry: An Examination of Overlooked
Externalities
Abstract:
Overall the Clean Air Act amendments have been successful at achieving the intended
goal: emission reduction in the United States. The primary factor for this analysis,
then, will be the indirect impacts of this policy on the coal industry. Elucidating
these unintended effects will provide a more complete assessment of the effectiveness
of the Clean Air Act. About 60 percent of total sulfur dioxide emissions in the nation
are directly attributable to coal-fired power plants. As a result, any legislation
that serves to reduce overall levels of sulfur dioxide will have a major impact on
the coal industry. Some of the changes that will be addressed include the impacts
on coal production, transportation, and clean-up. These factors must be quantified
and qualified when determining the overall success of the Clean Air Act.
Pitt, Chandra M.
National Forests: Management and Property Rights
Abstract:
The United States' National Forests are in dire straits. They are being depleted of
their timber at an unsustainable rate; their ecosystems are being altered. The purpose
of this paper is to examine the current management practices of the United States
Forest Service and identify the sources of the destruction of America's national treasures.
It is established that the National Forest Service has management problems. One of
the key claims for logging in the National Forests is that the National Forest Service
makes a profit from these sales. However, it is firmly established in this paper that
this claim is false. In fact, the National Forest Service loses money through logging.
There are various reasons for this loss; they include the cost of road building, below-cost
timber sales, and losses in fisheries due to runoff from clear cuts. Even if the Forest
Service made a profit from the logging of federal lands, it is argued that this practice
should be discontinued for practical and ethical reasons. A value system that allows
for the continued destruction of public lands is problematic. The ecological damage
caused by clear-cuts and other deleterious management practices is not justified by
a non-anthropocentric value system, as advocated in this paper. The property rights
afforded to the National Forest Service are examined in this paper as well. This examination
is necessitated by the desire to show that a policy of stewardship is not only ethical,
it is the most advantageous for the National Forest Service to adopt. Such a policy
would require that all logging and other such operations be discontinued.
Powell, Lori
Reconnecting with Wilderness in America
Abstract:
Wilderness has played an important role in the lives of people in the US, even before
the land was called the United States. The role of wilderness in the lives of people
has changed drastically over the years, just as the amount of wilderness and the understanding
of the term has changed drastically. People living in today’s society are much more
disconnected from the land than our predecessors. Society underwent many changes that
caused people to become disconnected with the land physically, historically, ecologically,
spiritually, and psychologically. These disconnections were the result of development,
urbanization, industrialization, mechanization, science, technology and globalization.
Results of this disconnection from land range from personal dissatisfaction to larger
societal problems. Reconnection with the land is sought for many reasons, and individuals
and society as a whole can benefit from this reconnection. Seven inter-related wilderness
values relate to the reconnection with the land people are seeking and can experience
in wilderness. Wilderness has scientific value, heritage value, ecological value,
spiritual value, psychological value, cultural value and intrinsic value. The existence
of wilderness serves as a reminder of our connection with the land, and wilderness
experiences help foster an understanding of this connection as well. Perhaps wilderness
will provide enough of a reminder of our connection with the land that as a society
we will not, as the Union of Concerned Scientists warned, “so alter the world that
it will be unable to sustain life in the manner that we know.”
Pugh, Jennifer
Ethical Consideration of the U.S. Forest Service Proposed Usage Control Plan for the
Chattooga River
Abstract:
The Chattooga River, which forms a natural border between Georgia and northwestern
South Carolina, has been a source of aesthetic pleasure and recreation for many people
throughout the years. However, because of recent surges in recreational use, the Forest
Service and proposed a permit plan to minimize the effects this rising demand has
on water quality, local wildlife, and plant life. I discuss this proposed plan, what
it means for all stakeholders involved, and the environmental and ethical issues involved.
Part I is a description of the Chattooga watershed; Part II is a description of the
concerns of each stakeholder: the U.S. Forest Service (USFS), the commercial outfitters,
the public, the wildlife, and the Chattooga Conservancy; Part III discusses the positions
for each stakeholder in the event that this permit system is actually imposed; and
Part IV presents my thoughts on the best ethical solution based on deontological and
teleological grounds.
Ratledge, Nathan
Big Waters and Pink Dolphins: Environmental and Cultural Degradation in the Amazon
Basin
Abstract:
The pink dolphins of the Amazon basin are an important mythological element for the
majority of traditional cultures throughout the Amazon River system; furthermore,
they are an integral part of the river ecosystem. Having thrived in the Amazon River
and its tributaries for upwards of 15 million years, the dolphins, like many other
species in the rainforest, are at risk of extinction. Although they are not yet critically
endangered, a quick and drastic decline in population could easily occur, much like
the loss of river dolphins in the Indus River (India) and Yangtze River (China). Developmental
studies from around the world and current trends in Brazil were evaluated and compared
in order to construct the most feasible and promising plan for protecting the pink
dolphins. The best solution is a long-term program that will preserve the dolphin's
habitat, protect indigenous knowledge, and allow for economic sustainability. Appropriate
foresight and implementation will not only safeguard the dolphins and their habitat;
moreover, proper forest and river management will benefit a number of interested parties
both socially and economically.
Redman, Aaron
Let Wildfires Burn Wild
Abstract:
This essay presents the argument that all wildfires, regardless of how they are ignited,
should be left to burn unsuppressed. Believing that current fire suppression policies
are jeopardizing firefighters' lives, wasting money, and are environmentally unfriendly,
the essay advocates changes to wildfire management. It suggests a biocentric approach
to fire policy as the key to reversing over a century of total fire suppression in
our nation's forests. In doing so, it chronicles the history of fire management policy
in the United States. In addition, the essay shows how fire management has been affected
by events such as the Yellowstone fires of 1988 and the Florida fires of 1998. Finally,
it discusses current and future changes to fire management policy through legislation
like President Bush's recently enacted Healthy Forests Restoration Act.
Richerson, Brantley T.
The Ethics of Catch-and-Release Fishing
Abstract:
What is the catch-and-release fishing movement about? As this analysis will reveal,
the protection of endangered species and the responsible management of the world's
fresh- and salt-water fisheries today more than ever rely on the ethical code of catch-and-release
fishing. Yet there is opposition to its restrictions, particularly in terms of its
effectiveness, and its coverage of waters that do not contain endangered species of
fish. In an effort to resolve these issues, this analysis traces the history, scope,efficacy,
and philosophy of this practice.
Rivers, Rafe
The Economic Advantages of Community Supported Agriculture
Abstract:
Community Supported Agriculture programs (CSAs) are organizations created within communities
to support sustainable agriculture. They are formed by farmers or groups of consumers
in order to connect farmers with their consumers. Within the past couple of decades,
CSAs have grown into a viable economic market. However, CSAs are young and are still
struggling with ways to perfect economic efficiency. Despite their shortcomings, CSAs
are progressing to meet the needs of consumers.
Roach, Dana
Ecofeminism and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)
Abstract:
This essay explores the current debate of drilling for oil in the Arctic National
Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) from an ecological feminist perspective. I begin with a brief
description of ecofeminism and the importance it places on relationships. In her book,
Feminism and the Mastery of Nature, Val Plumwood critiques these relationships and
offers viable solutions for overcoming dualisms. I have used her critique as a guide
for dissecting the case of ANWR. By appplying her theory to a practical situation,
I hope to exhibit the value of approaching ethical dilemmas from an ecofeminist stance.
Roth, Jennifer
Regulatory Takings and The Endangered Species Act
Abstract:
In this paper, I examine two areas of much current interest in environmental policy:
regulatory takings and the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The takings proposition and
the ESA have generated an enormous amount of debate of legal scholarship, case law,
and political activity - all in an effort to determine exactly what sorts of government
actions constitute takings. In addition to exploring regulatory takings and their
relationship with the ESA, this paper includes discussion on nuisance law and policy
evaluation, particularly in light of biocentrism and preservationism.
Scheer, Mallary
To Modify or Not to Modify? that is the Question: a look into the possibilities of
genetically modified foods
Abstract:
Scientists have developed methods of inserting genes from one species into another
unrelated species to bring about a specific modification in plants. In this paper,
I evaluate the benefits and consequences related to transgenic or genetically modified
plants from biocentrist and Judeo-Christian perspectives. After comparing and contrasting
these benefits and consequences of genetically modified plants to those found in traditional
agricultural methods, I conclude that genetic modification is an ethical and beneficial
technological advantage for agriculture despite its negative impacts on local farms
and surrounding wildlife. As long as we continue to regulate transgenic plants to
the safest possible standards of the surrounding environments, I argue that genetic
modification in agriculture should not be shied away from but embraced.
Scholfield, John Logan
Three Films, Two Fellows, and One Environmental Ethic
Abstract:
In 1978, filmmaker Geoffrey Reggio, cinematographer Ron Fricke and composer Phillip
Glass set out to create a trilogy of films that examine the ubiquitous presence of
technology that pervades the cultures and invariably the ecosystems of the planet.
The three films "Koyaanisqatsi," "Powaqqatsi," and "Noqoyqatsi" take their titles
from Hopi for "life out of balance," "life in transformation," and "life as war."
These are nonstory, noncharacter films that convey abstract emotional experience through
unique cinematic devices such as montage, camera movement, alteration of speed, and
sound-visual relationships. In Reggio's films, only with a change in the minds of
humanity across all levels of power, wealth and education can a sense of balance be
achieved in terms of human beings and their interactions with each other (on a global
and local scale) and on the planet.
Skiba, Rebecca
Adaptive Management to Establish Sustainable Ecotourism in the Serengeti Ecosystem
Abstract:
Adaptive management will play a major role in the future conservation of wildlife
areas. Adaptive management is a branch of conservation ecology that combines scientific
research and experimental design with dynamic ecology. It is flexible and works to
integrate successful conservation strategies. For example, the Serengeti ecosystem,
composed of a number of parks, is currently under stress from ecotourism. When the
parks are managed separately, the importance of the Seregeti ecosystem is not acknowledged
although decisions in individual parks affect the ecosystem as a whole. Tranitioning
to sustainable ecotourism and implementing adaptive management will improve the current
situation.
Skiles, Sara
Becoming Believers in the Earth: Deep Ecology as a Crisis Discipline
Abstract:
Unfortunately, humans often fail to recognize not only the vastness of the natural
world but also the interconnectedness and interdependency of every living and nonliving
entity on the planet. Failure to recognize this interconnectedness has left us with
a dualistic view of humans and the environment, which is precisely the fundamental
cause of the present environmental crisis. That is right; humans are the fundamental
cause. The reality is that species and their habitats are being destroyed at alarming
rates; wilderness is on its way to non-existence; water, air, and soil are continuously
being polluted; climate change is undoubtedly occurring; human overpopulation is soaring
exponentially; and human-made artificiality is replacing the natural. The alarming
rate at which ecological devastation is occurring and its irreversibility lead to
the following conclusion in the minds of environmentalists: What is taking place is
an environmental crisis. This paper discusses the term crisis discipline and identifies
the Deep Ecology Movement (which calls for a radical shift in environmental values)
as the fundamental crisis discipline of the larger environmental movement. The reason
the Deep Ecology Movement is a crisis discipline is because humans need to change
their values quickly, due to the environmental devastation that has already occurred
and that is continuing to occur at alarming rates. It is the fundamental crisis discipline
because without a radical shift in values, conservation efforts are only shallow,
short-term fixes that will not yield a lasting, positive impact on the planet. This
paper discusses the following: Michael Soules definition of crisis disciplines, Arne
Naess philosophy deep ecology (which is also a call to action), Jeremy Kerrs article
Habitat Loss and the Limits to Endangered Species Recovery, The Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Changes (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), and Richard Louvs
concept of Nature Deficit Disorder (NDD). Overall, this paper points to the following
conclusion: the way to solve the environmental crisis is to follow the tenets of the
Deep Ecology Movement.
Smith, Adam
The Future of Tobacco: What Should Government Do?
Abstract:
Tobacco has been grown commercially in America since settlement began in the 1600s.
Its popularity has grown so much that today tobacco is produced in 20 states and raises
an immense amount of money for the U.S. government. However, our perspective of tobacco
has changed. In this paper, I discuss how decreasing support, changes in the market
from an auction to contract system, and quota changes have left tobacco producers
with few options. I also discuss how the U.S. government is schizophrenic in its tobacco
policies, and how tobacco companies have been unethical in their conduct through withholding
information from the public. I evaluate the benefits and costs of what would happen
if the government decided to completely stop supporting American tobacco producers.
Based on the results, I explain how the government, along with tobacco companies,
have been unethical to the American farmer on both utilitarian and deontological grounds.
Smith, Leslie Susan
Peace is War: the Environmental Ethics of Arundahti Roy
Abstract:
In this paper I examine the environmental ethic of Arundahti Roy by focusing on her
fictional novel, The God of Small Things, and a collection of her essays, An Ordinary Person's Guide to the Empire, to show that Roy's environmental ethic is one based on a holistic view of the world,
valuing everything natural, from the smallest most insignificant organism to the largest.
Because Roy recognizes the interconnectedness of all beings, she weaves many issues
(e.g., political, economic, and social) into a holistic environmental ethic. While
Roy's position on spirituality in her environmental ethic is unclear, I reveal my
ecocentric value system that acknowledges the importance of non-living ecosystems
and finds a spiritual tranquility in nature.
Steiner, John
A Concise Account of the Christian Relationship with the Environment
Abstract:
The proper context of the Biblical environmental ethic is very difficult to define.
The skeptic observes a certain trend in creation theology since Lynn White's essay
back in 1968. However, just because ecological ethics may not have been a critical
issue to the believer of the 18th century does not mean that it is not to one now.
Moreover, it does not mean that the Bible has nothing to say on ecological matters
now, nor does it mean that it had nothing to say of ecology to 18th century man. In
order to place the Biblical view of environmental ethics in the proper context, it
is necessary to approach the scriptures in light of current ecological issues while
giving the scriptures the critical respect they deserve. One can only conclude that
different historical patterns and issues make the relevance of Scripture far-reaching
and complex, but no less valid. even today the Gospel finds significance for believers
who struggle with the question of how to care for creation.
Stone, Abby
Ethical Considerations for a Tree Ordinance in Athens, Georgia
Abstract:
Trees are a vital resource to the world and individual communities. Tree ordinances
are city measures designed to ensure protection for this resource. Trees add several
benefits to communities and Athens-Clarke County must recognize these benefits and
enact an ordinance that protects its trees. Problems with an ordinance arise when
stakeholders feel that the government is infringing on their individual rights. This
paper explains the reasons how a tree ordinance will benefit Athens-Clarke County.
Ethical dilemmas will be examined resulting in recommendations for an ordinance.
Suggs, Katherine
Patagonia: A Company Pioneering in Environmental Leadership
Abstract:
As I was beginning my paper for the completion of the Environmental Ethics program,
I asked myself many questions. How would I approach this paper, what aspects of the
program influenced me most, and how has the program changed my perspectives all factored
in my decision of what to write about. However, instead of regurgitating what I learned
in the past, my focus shifted towards the future, and how this program influenced
my career decision; specifically, which company I will work for. That company is Patagonia.
After learning of the values of corporate responsibility, pre-consumer waste reduction,
and ethical practices that respect the environment as well as people, I decided I
could not work for a company that did not represent my interests and ethics. Patagonia,
an outdoor clothing company, is one of the leading corporations in environmental concerns.
For example, in their Enviroact program, employees can take a paid leave of absence-with
full benefits-for two months to volunteer for an organization of their choice. Patagonia
also donates annually a percentage of their pretax profits to grassroots organizations
around the world such as the Upper Chattahoochee Riverkeeper in Atlanta. They were
also the first organization to introduce an entire sportswear line made from organic
cotton. Whatever the issue, Patagonia is dedicated to finding a better solution to
the environmental crisis, never resting or accepting the status quo.
Swanson, Eric
Places Into Minds, Minds Into Places: Deep Ecology in the Writings of Native Americans
and Wendell Berry
Abstract:
Connection with the land is a cross-cultural connection, ranging from the Scandinavian
culture of deep ecologist Arne Naess to the West Coast culture of Gary Snyder, to
the Southern culture of Wendell Berry, to the ancient eastern and native cultures
with "Old Ways" from which modern deep ecologists draw ideas and inspiration. By realizing
the hold the land will claim on a person, Native American cultures' theme of the two-way
hold between a person and the environment is more detailed than Naess's ideas of relation
with the land. the people, or even whole cultures, who lose their sense of place appear
to be self-destructive. In the real world, problems such as pollution, erosion, and
depleted resources show that everyone does not realize this connection. Deep ecology's
focus, regardless of whether found in literature or scientifically based essays, emphasizes
this connection between place and self -- a story that can be told to anyone who will
listen.
Taylor, Nathan
Evolutionary Theory, Developmental Systems, and Contemporary Human Evolution
Abstract:
Prelude to an Environmental Ethic -- In this essay, I explore recent developments
in evolutionary theory to see how they might apply to contemporary human evolution
and evolutionary ethics. In particular, I look at the Developmental Systems Theory
(DST) of Paul Griffiths and others, the multi-level selection theory of Elliot Sober
and David Sloan Wilson, and various other theories in game theoretics and evolutionary
biology. Using these, I aim for ways at breaking down the dichotomy between biological
and cultural evolution. In doing this, I try to offer a new perspective on human population
dynamics and the forces driving our current period of exponential growth. Models of
population dynamics similar to our own predict a period of destabilization if the
population passes its carrying capacity too rapidly. By attempting to more fully understand
the time scale of cultural changes or adaptation, and by trying to understand how
these cultural changes affect us biologically and ecologically (through longevity,
mortality, and fecundity), perhaps we can better prepare for selective forces on our
own population. If this can be done, and if ethical systems are part of that preparation,
then it seems likely that a genuine environmental ethic will arise through our own
informed self-preservation.
Thompson, Bradley Robert
The Ethical Fitness of Nuclear Power
Abstract:
The Vogtle Electric Generating Plant in Waynesboro, Georgia has been using two nuclear
reactors to produce electricity for customers in the state of Georgia for over 30
years. Recently the owners of the plant have begun construction of two new reactors
on the site with the aid of the federal government. The project finds itself in an
ethical gray area because of a mixture of the long and short-term considerations.
The depth of the current economic downturn necessitates the project yet many are hard
pressed to fully support such a proposal given the lack of a long-term vision for
mitigating the effects of hazardous nuclear waste. The Plant Vogtle project is own
of immense cost, ethical importance and historical relevance and stands as a symbol
for the relevance of many factors in the determination of ethical fitness of a project
or policy. With many unresolved issues at hand there can be no definitive answer to
the ethical fitness of this plan but there remain many avenues open for future research
to be undertaken.
Thompson, Claire Bowie
Going to the Mountains: Cultural, Economic, and Environmental Implications of Exurban
Development on the Cumberland Plateau
Abstract:
Although much of the culture, native landscape, and natural ecosystem of the southern
portion of the Cumberland Plateau is intact, the area faces land-use changes and development
pressures that will have long-term effects on the land, people, and economy. Now more
than ever, it is necessary to look strategically at the cultural, economic, and environmental
parameters of the Plateau. In this manner, it is possible to develop a framework for
best management and land-use practices of exurban development that considers both
public and private interests and ensures the conservation of the land and way of life.
Without developing a growth plan, the Cumberland Plateau may fall victim to another
commercially exploited "mountain retreat." Cooley's Rift, a case study for development
in the region, looks at both the advantages and disadvantages of intense growth within
the region and addresses problems faced by developers, communities, and the environment.
From an ecocentric environmental ethic, I conclude that development is inevitable
within the Cumberland Plateau, but it is also essential to determine the Plateau's
future land-use patterns so development is positive for all stakeholders, not the
select few.
Thompson, Donald
Organic Matters
Abstract:
There is a growing market in produce and goods labeled "organically grown." This label
has raised many questions and doubts as to the difference and significance of organic
products. A consumer has the right to know if their purchase is supporting positive
changes for the way food is produced and if the farmers who produce these goods actually
grow them in a more sustainable fashion. In this paper, I interviewed eleven "organic"
growers. I show that the interviewees work towards a more sustainable agriculture
system that focuses on creating healthy soils and ecosystems. These farmers feel that
it is important to have educated consumers who know what is involved in farming -
organic and conventional. For different reasons and by varying practices, organic
farmers are keeping people and soils healthy and alive by working against many mainstream
ideals. The appearance of "organic" farming began over three decades ago out of response
to the mass culture trend of chemical applications. People then, just as now, questioned
the ethics and safety of such practices. Now, a growing movement of farmers are changing
the way people eat, treat the land, and live. Organic farmers are setting a standard
of working with the land and natural processes instead of trying to control or "treat"
them. The future of organic farming lies in support of the consumers. Choices to move
to sustainability are available in all realms of everyday life. It is now evident
that our choices of food production and quality are directly linked to the health
of people and the environment. Organic farms are moving in a positive direction for
responsible stewardship. Aldo Leopold's words continue to be a wonderful guide: In
short, a land ethic changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror on the land-community
to plain member and citizen of it. It implies respect for his fellow-members, and
also respect for the community as such. A land ethic, then, reflects the existence
of an ecological conscience, and this in turn reflects a conviction of individual
responsibility for the health of the land. Health is the capacity of the land for
self renewal. Conservation is our effort to understand and preserve this capacity
(A Sand County Almanac, pp. 204-214).
Trice, Amy
Replacing the Idea of Wilderness with a Biosphere Reserve
Abstract:
In this paper, I argue that the idea of wilderness is outmoded and should be replaced
with the idea of a biosphere reserve. The idea of wilderness is outmoded for two reasons.
First, humans and indigenous cultures are excluded from wilderness areas. Second,
wilderness does not necessarily include entire ecosystems or hotspots of biodiversity.
Many scientific studies show that when only small patches of land are preserved, the
resulting fragmentation threatens population viability. To include humans and indigenous
cultures, as well as entire ecosystems and hotspots of biodiversity, requires a new
perspective: a biosphere reserve. A biosphere reserve conserves ecosystem function,
allows long-term human occupation, and emphasizes the inherent value of ecosystems
and species. I use the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, which is the southernmost biosphere
reserve in the world, to show how a biosphere reserve can replace a wilderness. The
Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve shows how scientists, local people, and authorities can
work together to preserve culture, history, and ecology of a unique area in a sustainable
and holistic fashion.
Turner, Nicole
The Psychological Relationship between Humans and Nature
Abstract:
In this paper I explore the relationship between humans and nature. I use a developmental
psychological framework to support the theory on how humans develop this relationship.
I include support of the biophilia hypothesis, which states that humans have an innate
appreciation of life and the natural world. I argue that the environment plays a natural
role in humans both psychologically and physiologically. I tie all these ideas together
in order to argue that humans have a natural relationship with nature, and the environment
is one key to psychological health.
Valheurdi, Diana
Geeen Beauty in Vogue: Green marketing trends in Vogue Magazine
Abstract:
In this paper I examine women’s beauty products advertised in Vogue magazine from
the early 1900s to today for green marketing. Green marketing responds to consumers
who attempt to express their desire to promote sustainability and their personal well-being
by purchasing products which have been manufactured efficiently with the least possible
environmental impact. Even in 1914, women’s beauty products placed a strong emphasis
on being natural. I show that green marketing has had a lengthy presence in advertising
of women’s beauty products. I agree that while it is not new, the increased use of
green marketing in advertising is a positive reflection of the progression toward
a more widespread green consciousness among American consumers.
Van Damm, Rebecca
Why Ecofeminism?
Abstract:
I decided to further explore my own feminism through an examination of ecofeminism
and what it offers both as a way to understand the environment and our place in it.
Veteto, James
Quantum Physics, Chaos Theory, Indigenous Perception, Environmental Ethics, and a
New World View: A Poetic Essay
Abstract:
Indigenous philosophy provides a surer path toward a sustainable, peaceful, and productive
life for humans and might increase the probability that humans will survive as a species
in harmony with the natural forces of the Earth. The indigenous philosophy is made
up of several ideas: the earth is vital and has a spiritual dimension; humans are
part of nature and are connected to other organisms in complex webs of relationship;
time is circular, and life is part of the cycles of matter, energy, and spirit that
are present; the connections between land and being are nonlinear; and real, direct
interaction is highly valued. The contrast is resolved through chaos and similar scientific
ideas that emphasize nonlinearity, probability, and complexity. Certainly there is
similar language linking these diverse perspectives, but there is also the problem
that modern science is at the center of the modern world view point. Ecology failed
to provide the impetus for a fundamental change in perspective; each of us will have
to make our own judgment about chaos theory and similar concepts. Finally we must
bring these ideas together with environmental ethics, beginning with the earth and
Gary Snyder's concept of reinhabitation of place. A necessary part of place is political
action. As Wendell Berry said: "The real work of planet saving will be small, humble,
and humbling," but essential for change. We need to get environmental ethics out of
academia and into community and to "follow our heart and intuition to engage in activity
that is good for the whole."
Weinstein, David Evan
Ethical Issues in Recycling Electronics
Abstract:
Think about the number of computers, TVs, cell phones, radios, game consoles, and
music players that have passed through your hands over the years. These are just a
few examples of devices that are part of the growing phenomenon known as e-waste.
E-waste is the term used to describe discarded electronics and electrical products
and is the fastest growing waste problem in the world. E-waste contains a variety
of toxic and hazardous components that is currently being sent to landfills. Ensuring
the proper management of recycling and disposing of electronic waste is a global ethical
and environmental issue that is of vital importance to solve if wanting to achieve
a sustainable future. It is necessary to increase e-waste recycling rates in order
to improve the efficiency with which resources are used, reduce the impact on the
environment of waste disposal, and to provide for equity between generations. This
study evaluated and analyzed electronic waste recycling in Sydney, Australia. The
study determined the current methods of recycling and collecting electronic waste
available to the public and examined what measures are in place to regulate and ensure
that electronic waste is recycled and handled in an ethical and environmentally friendly
manner. To accomplish these goals, interviews with four electronic waste recycling
and collection companies were conducted, interviews with three government offices
were conducted, and a survey of 150 people in Sydney was conducted. The study suggests
that e-waste recycling in Sydney needs to be improved to increase the rate of recycling
of e-waste. People in Sydney are willing to recycle e-waste, but a lack of knowledge
of available options, costs to recycle, and the ease of simply throwing out e-waste
prevents the public from recycling e-waste. This study suggests that to increase recycling
volumes of e-waste government action needs to ban e-waste from landfills, provide
education on options to recycle e-waste, and create funds to help cover the expensive
costs of e-waste recycling. With limited help from government, this study suggests
that e-waste recycling and collection can greatly be improved to increase the rate
of e-waste that gets recycled in Sydney.
Wells, Matt
A Comparison of the Land Ethic
Abstract:
This paper will be an examination of Aldo Leopold's land ethic (an ethical system
that he has developed to try and include both the land and non-human animals in a
human morality). I will then look at J. Baird Callicott's reformulation of the land
ethic and the problem that he thinks he is solving with his version of the original
land ethic: namely, the fact that Leopold's version of the ethic does not seem to
give moral value to specific beings in particular, but just to the system as a whole.
Willson, Lauren
American Narcissism and Environmental Ethics
Abstract:
Wolcott, Leslie
Environment and Literature in Georgia: an Ecocritical Perspective
Abstract:
This paper reviews a representative sample of modern and historical environmental
literatures of Georgia in search of common themes, driving forces,and shared values
among the writers. I examine the works of writers from different eras, considering
how their writing about Georgia has influenced the reading public's attitudes and
actions towards the land.
Ziesenhene, Ellen
Quinoa Production In Bolivia: What are the social and environmental factors of the
super food
Abstract:
Quinoa consumption has been on the rise in the international market over the past
few decades primarily due to the fact that the grain is packed with important nutrients
and considered a "super food." However many consumers of this powerful grain do not
realize the social and environmental consequences this demand has had on the Southern
Altiplano region of Bolivia where a production hub can be found for the crop. This
once staple crop for the ancestors of the Andean region has now become a not-so-simple
means of livelihood for the rural peasant farmers of this region. This paper looks
at the potential social injustices the quinoa market holds,especially regarding the
use of a middleman and the potential devastating environmental consequences industrialized
farming has had on the local area. This paper also offers potential ways in which
these negative impacts could be eliminated.
Zylla, Abigail Garrison
Cremation and Mother Ganges: Conflicting Worldviews and Implications on Environmental
Ethics
Abstract:
In areas along the Ganges River, Hindu rituals surrounding death involve cremation
and release of the remaining ashes into that particular river for reasons of spiritual
purification. Given current socio-economic conditions in the region, many people cannot
afford full cremation ceremonies, resulting in a large number of semi-incinerated
and bacteria-ridden carcasses of cows and human remains released into the river. Given
other urban waste carried by the river, public health is put at great risk and there
are ecological impacts as well. Local government influenced by Western science have
made efforts to limit this occurrence with little success, due to the importance of
this ritual in religion and culture. Do we as Westerners, working from frameworks
of the science of microbiology and contrasting ideas of pollution/cleanliness, have
a right to put a stop to a practice that is an integral part of a belief system?